Utilization of Bus Wood (Eucalyptus) Sap with Tree Sap (Agathis dammara) as an Alternative Fuel
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The purpose of this study is to process Bus (Eucalyptus) wood waste with a combination of resin tree sap (Agathis dammara) into cylindrical charcoal briquettes based on the grain size of mesh 40 and mesh 80 and determine the ultimate properties for calculating moisture, volatile matters, ash and fixed carbon. density and combustion efficiency based on the results of laboratory tests in the form of proximation tests.
This study used experimental and analytical methods based on available briquette quality standards, namely commercial quality standards, Import, Japan, England and the United States.
Printing of charcoal briquettes of bus bark waste charcoal briquettes with a combination of resin tree sap consisting of mesh 40 and mesh 80. The results of the proximation test of bus bark waste charcoal charcoal with a combination of resin tree sap showed that the moisture content in the briquettes was 8.93% for mesh 40 and 8.43% for mesh 80, the ash content in the briquette is 9.71% for mesh 40, and 9.83% for mesh 80, the volatile matter content in the briquette is 16.59% for mesh 40 and 16.59% for mesh 80, the fixed carbon content in the briquette is 64.77% for mesh 40 and 65.15% for mesh 80. Compressive strength and density, mesh 40 Pmax = 4.05 kg/cm2, ρ40 = 0.526 gr/cm3, for mesh 80 Pmax = 3.30 kg/cm2, ρ80 = 0.495 g/cm3 and the calorific value was 5696.29 kcal/kg for mesh 40 and 5765.29 kcal/kg for mesh 80.
Introduction
One of the renewable energy sources from biomass is wood and bark. Papua is an area that has the potential to produce woody biomass, one of which is the forest in Merauke. Forests in Merauke have various types of trees that have potential as wood and pulp industries which will generate biomass waste. Utilization of biomass waste for energy requires information on the calorific value and also the proximation and ultimation properties of the bark. Tests for physical and proximate properties include moisture content, specific gravity, ash content, volatile matter content, and bound carbon content. Fuelwood Value Index (FVI) calculation is calculated based on calorific value, specific gravity and ash content. Charcoal is a product produced from the carbonization process of carbon-containing materials, especially wood biomass. This product is mainly used as a source of energy. The process of making charcoal can actually produce various charcoals that have different uses, for example ordinary charcoal resulting from combustion can only be used as an energy source to produce heat [1].
This research will use the bark used, namely the bark of the bus (Eucalyptus) as a test material. The use of this bark is based on the consideration that this type of wood is one of the mainstays of Merauke district and is often used, but the bark is wasted without any use of value in terms of energy [2].
The objectives to be achieved in this research are to process Bus (Eucalyptus) bark with a combination of resin tree sap (Agathis dammara) into cylindrical charcoal briquettes based on the grain size of mesh 40 and mesh 80, determining ultimate properties for calculating moisture, volatile matters, ash and fixed carbon, density and combustion efficiency based on laboratory test results in the form of a proximation test [3].
Literature Review
Briquettes are classified as hard fuels in certain shapes and dimensions which are composed of very small charcoal (coke/semi-coke) particles after being compressed to a certain strength so that the fuel is not difficult to use [4].
Charcoal briquettes are a solid fuel made from activated charcoal which is generally mixed with other ingredients such as clay and tapioca. The structure of charcoal briquettes generally contains 80% coal, 10% clay and 10% tapioca. Clay is used to keep the hot temperature maintained while keeping the briquettes strong physically, tapioca is useful for gluing each small particle to form a complete material when it is printed [5].
The briquettes for this study did not use a mixture of clay or tapioca but only used copal as an adhesive but also as a heat stabilizer due to its hard nature.
Charcoal briquettes have advantages both in terms of economy where the price is relatively cheap, in terms of combustion which has a relatively high calorific value and other advantages. Besides that, there is also a weakness which requires a relatively long start-up time, which is around 5 to 10 minutes [6].
The main purpose of making charcoal briquettes is to produce solid fuel that is useful and packaged in a certain form with a structure that is easier and better to use. In order to get good quality briquettes, it is necessary to need good activated charcoal results besides burning residue in the form of less ash. Likewise, the need for additional materials must be of good quality, including having adhesive properties, flammable in a relatively short time and not containing harmful substances. Activated charcoal and additional ingredients will be mashed separately to a certain size and then mixed with a certain percentage and then printed to form a certain shape. This is an easy briquette making process that is expected to produce good quality briquettes [7].
If the mesh size is too large, the adhesive strength will decrease thereby affecting the compressive strength of the briquettes. In the process of making charcoal briquettes, an adhesive is needed as a goal to be able to glue every very fine particle to form a structure with a shape with a certain strength. However, in the research carried out, the adhesive material used and at the same time as a mixture to strengthen the structure of the briquettes is gum resin which has hardened and is called kopak [8]. The process of making briquettes using kopal/resin can be seen in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Charcoal briquettes making diagram [16].
Pressure will be applied in order to obtain a density between each charcoal particle. When the adhesive material, in this case, kopak, is mixed with another material, in this case, charcoal, the surfaces of the two materials will stick together or bind together [9].
Briquettes are classified as solid fuels which are processed based on mixed, powdered materials, which are very small in size and are not arranged properly and are very difficult to ignite in their original form. There are several specifications when referred to as a fuel, which include potential good calorific value, physical resistance such as compressive strength and the approximate value of the briquette content [10].
Characteristics of Activated Charcoal briquettes Several factors are used as standard charcoal briquettes, among others [11] :
Water Content (Moisture)
The water content in the fuel, in this case namely the briquettes, greatly affects the combustion/ignition process because the energy in the fuel will be partially used for the process of evaporating the water.
Ash Content (Ash)
Ash or ash is the residue from the end of the combustion process that cannot be burned again. Ash content that is too high is not good for the quality of fuel combustion because it will affect the heat produced from combustion which is not optimal and also the calorific value obtained will be small.
Volatile Matters
Volatile Matters in briquettes are useful for stabilizing ignition and speeding up the charcoal burning process. The higher the volatile matter content, the easier and faster the burning of briquettes will be.
Fixed Carbon (Fixed Carbon)
The content of fixed carbon or it can also be called the fixed carbon content contained in solid fuel in the form of charcoal, which is a component that does not form gas when burned.
Fixed carbon is calculated from 100% minus the moisture content, minus the ash content, minus the volatile matter content [12]. (1)FC(%)=100%−(moisture+ash+volatilematters)%
The density of the briquettes greatly affects the hardness value of the briquettes. Density test is calculated following the steps below [13]:
Counting stages:
1. Measure the diameter of the briquettes (db).
2. Measure the diameter of the big hole (dlb) and small hole (dlk).
3. Weighing the weight of the briquettes.
4. Measure the height of the briquettes (t).
5. Calculate the volume.
Thus it can be determined by the following equation,
Density [14]: (2)ρ=mv(kg/m3)
where
ρ = density (kg/m3);
m = object mass (kg);
v = volume of object (m3). (3)v=1/4 π D2 ⋅ t
where
d = diameter (m);
t = briquette height (m).
Calculating the efficiency of burning briquettes is done by the combustion test method, namely the process of cooking a certain amount of water to boiling temperature [15]. The temperature of the water every certain time range is measured and the length of time the combustion process takes. The combustion efficiency is calculated using the following equation [17]: (4)ηth=Quse Qinput
where
ηth = thermal efficiency of burning briquettes on a briquette stove (%);
Quse = heat utilized in combustion [18] (5)Quse=ma Cp ΔT (kJ)
where
ma = mass of water (kg);
Cp = Specific heat of water 4.176 (kJ/kg °C);
∆T = difference in initial and final temperatures (°C);
Qinput = heat used to heat water (kJ). (6)Qinput=mb LHV (kJ)
where
mb = mass of briquettes used for burning (kg):
LHV = bottom calorific value of briquettes (kcal/kg).
So, combustion efficiency can be calculated using the equation [19]: (7)ηth=ma Cp ΔTmb LHV
Research Methodology
The research was conducted at the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory of Musamus University and the Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar.
The data collection methods used in this study include:
a) Sample testing consists of mesh 40 and mesh 80. Tests are in the form of proximation tests and compression tests.
b) The sample combustion test consists of mesh 40 and mesh 80, to obtain the temperature and burning time for the water boiling process.
The process of making briquettes is as follows:
1. Identification of raw materials for Bus bark:
a. Bus bark was taken from the village of Wasur, Merauke District.
b. The bus bark used comes from cutting/sawing wood.
2. The process of making Bus bark charcoal:
a. Bus bark is dried in the sun.
b. Bus bark is put in a carbonation drum and then burned. After the flame occurred, it was added again and prevented a flame from occurring by opening and closing the carbonation drum lid.
c. Bus bark that has been burned (formed as charcoal) is removed from the carbonation drum and put into a closed container to be cooled for a while.
3. The process of making Bus Bark charcoal briquettes:
a. Bus bark charcoal obtained from combustion is crushed slowly and then sieved with a 40 mesh and 80 mesh sieve to get charcoal powder, which is left pounded again then sieved again.
b. The resulting charcoal powder is put into the mixing container starting from the coarsest size (which remains on the 40 mesh sieve) then mixed thoroughly. After that tapioca starch 10% by weight of Bus bark charcoal is dissolved in hot water at a temperature of approximately 70 °C as much as 900 g, then poured into a mixture of charcoal powder and copal which has been refined, then stirred until blended.
c. After the Bus Bark charcoal powder, fine copal and hot water are mixed well in the mixing bowl, the mixture is removed and then the briquettes are printed.
d. Repeated from number c with different grain sizes (which remained on the 40 mesh and 80 mesh sieves).
The test standard used the ASTM standard for coal samples, and the test results for rice husk briquettes, rice stalks, coconut shells, bark were the reason that Bus Bark charcoal briquettes are solid fuels, the same as coal.
Discussion
There are two types of briquettes according to the size of the charcoal grains or mesh that is printed or made, namely mesh size 40 and mesh size 80 and has the following specifications:
1. For a grain size of 40 mesh
Size: height × diameter: 40 mm × 55 mm × weight of 50 g briquettes. The average mass is 259.86 g, 25 g of 50% charcoal, 25 g of 50% copal, 650 ml of hot water, 2.6 mm hole size.
2. For a grain size of 80 mesh
Size: height × diameter: 40 mm × 55 mm × weight of 47 g briquettes. The average mass is 488.55 g, 25 g of 50% charcoal, 25 g of 50% copal, 650 ml of hot water, 2.6 mm hole size.
Proximation testing was carried out by the Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Hasanuddin Makassar (Laboratory test results attached). The result is as follows:
a. For a grain size of 40 mesh
1. Moisture, M = 8.93 wt
2. Volatile Matters, VM = 16.59% by weight
3. Ash, A = 9.71% by weight
4. Fixed Carbon, FC = 64.77% by weight
5. Calorific Value, HHV = 5696.29 kcal/kg
b. For a grain size of 80 mesh
1. Moisture, M = 8.43 wt
2. Volatile Matters, VM = 16.59% by weight
3. Ash, A = 9.83 wt
4. Fixed Carbon, FC = 65.15% by weight
5. Calorific Value, HHV = 5765.29 kcal/kg.
The compressive strength and density of briquettes are the physical properties of briquettes that are related to the strength of the briquettes to withstand deformation, the results are as follows:
a. Briquette compressive strength test results:
Mesh grain size 40
Pmax = 4.05 kg/cm2
Mesh grain size 80
Pmax = 3.30 kg/cm2
b. Briquette density calculation results:
The calculation of briquette density is as follows:
The grain size of the mesh is 40
The grain size of the mesh is 80
Briquettes Dimensions:
Briquettes diameter; ϕb = 55 mm = 5.5 cm
1. For a mesh grain size of 40:
a. Briquette weight = 50 g
b. Briquette height = 40 mm = 4.0 cm
c. The volume of briquettes (Vb) is:
Vbr = cylinder volume × height
Vbr = (π/4 ϕb2) × height
Vbr = π/4 (5.5)2 × 4.0
Vbr = 94.985 cm3
The density of briquettes (ρ) is:
ρ40 = m/V
ρ40 = (50 g)/94.985
ρ40 = 0.526 g/cm3
2. For a mesh grain size of 80:
a. Briquette weight = 47 g
b. Briquette height = 40 mm = 4.0 cm
3. The volume of briquettes (Vb) is:
Vbr = cylinder volume × height
Vbr = (π/4 ϕb2) × height
Vbr = π/4 (5.5)2 × 4.0
Vbr = 94.985 cm3
The density of briquettes (ρ) is:
ρ80 = m/V
ρ80 = (47 g)/94.985
ρ80 = 0.495 g/cm3
So the briquette density is obtained:
Mesh grain size 40 ; ρ = 0.526 g/cm3
Mesh grain size 80 ; ρ = 0.495 g/cm3
Combustion efficiency is carried out by heating a quantity of water to boiling on the stove using bus bark briquettes with resin tree sap as fuel. The volume of water used and the mass of briquette fuel used are measured so that the thermal efficiency can be calculated:
a. For briquettes the mesh grain size is 40.
mbinitial = 259.86 g
mbfinal = 3 g
mwater = 50 g
Obtained from observations:
Tmax = 100 °C
T0 = 29 °C
∆T1 = 71 °C
Quseful1 = ma1.Cpa. ∆T1
= 0.5 kg. 4.176 kJ/kg °C.71 °C
= 148.248 kJ
Tmax = 100 °C
T0 = 34 °C
∆T2 = 66 °C
Quseful2 = ma2. Cpa. ∆T2
= 0.5 kg. 4.176 kJ/kg °C. 66 °C
= 137.808 kJ
qinput = mb. LHV
= mb. (HHV–3240 (kJ/kg))
= 0.25986 kg [(5696.29 kcal/kg·4.184 J/cal)−3240 kJ/kg]
= 5351.369 kJ
The thermal efficiency is:
ηth = (Quseful 1 + Quseful 2)/(Q input)
= (148,248 + 137,808)/(5351.369)
= 286.056/(5351.369)
= 5.345%
b. For briquettes the grain size of the mesh is 80.
mbinitial = 488.55 g
mbfinal = 14.9 g
mwater = 50 g
Obtained from observations:
Tmax = 100 °C
T0 = 29 °C
∆T1 = 71 °C
Quseful1 = ma1.Cpa. ∆T1
= 0.5 kg · 4.176 kJ/kg °C .71 °C
= 148.248 kJ.
Tmax = 100 °C
T0 = 38.6 °C
∆T2 = 61.4 °C
Quseful2 = ma2 · Cpa. ∆T2
= 0.5 kg . 4.176 kJ/kg °C . 61.4 °C
= 128.203 kJ
Qinput = mb . LHV
= mb · (HHV–3240 (kJ/kg)
= 0.48855 kg [(5765.29 kcal/kg · 4.184J/cal) – 3240 kJ/kg]
= 10201.9 kJ
The thermal efficiency is:
ηth = Quseful1 + Quseful2Qinput
= 148.248 + 128.20310201.9
= 277.45110201.9
= 2.719%
Conclusion
The results of the research on charcoal briquettes from bus bark waste with a combination of resin tree sap can be concluded as follows:
a. The results of printing charcoal briquettes, charcoal briquettes, waste bark of bus wood with a combination of resin tree sap, consisting of mesh 40 and mesh 80, where the two briquettes have the following dimensions. For a mesh grain size of 40, size: height x diameter: 40 mm × 55 mm × weight briquettes 50 g. Average mass of 259.86 g, 25 g of 50% charcoal, 25 g of 50% copal, 650 ml of hot water, 2.6 mm hole size, 80 mesh, size: height × diameter: 40 mm × 55 mm × weight of briquettes 47 g. The average mass is 488.55 g, 25 g of 50% charcoal, 25 g of 50% copal, 650 ml of hot water, 2.6 mm hole size.
b. The results of the proximation test for charcoal briquettes from bus bark waste with a combination of resin tree sap showed that the moisture content in the briquettes was 8.93% for mesh 40% and 8.43% for mesh 80. When compared with the quality standards of briquettes in Table I for the commercial, imported, Japanese, England and America are still relatively larger, although not significantly. The ash content in the briquettes is 9.71% for mesh 40, and 9.83% for mesh 80. Based on Table I, This ash content is included in British and American briquette standards and this value is still too high when compared to commercial, imported and Japanese briquette quality standards. The content of volatile matter in briquettes is 16.59% for mesh 40% and 16.59% for mesh 80. The volatile matter content is included in the quality standards of imported, Japanese and American briquettes, except for commercial briquette standards, British briquettes although the difference is very small. The content of fixed carbon in the briquettes is 64.77% for mesh 40% and 65.15% for mesh 80. This value indicates that the briquettes are still in the category according to Table I, namely the quality standard of imported briquettes, Japan and is higher than the quality standard of American briquettes but higher smaller than the standard quality of commercial briquettes, England is not included in the commercial briquette standards, imported briquettes standards, British briquettes, USA briquettes, and British briquettes standards. Compressive strength and density, mesh 40 Pmax = 4.05 kg/cm2, ρ40 = 0.526 g/cm3, for mesh 80 Pmax = 3.30 kg/cm2, ρ80 = 0.495 g/cm3. From the compressive strength test value when compared to the briquette quality standard it only meets the standard compressive value of 12.7 kg/cm2 on British standards. Compressive strength allows the density of briquettes where the briquettes are not easily crushed. For the calorific value obtained 5696.29 kcal/kg for mesh 40 and 5765.29 kcal/kg for mesh 80. This value is lower than the standard minimum calorific value of briquettes which is 6000 kcal/kg, so it does not meet the standard value of briquette quality, this is because briquettes Bus bark waste charcoal with a combination of resin tree sap has a fairly high volatile matter content. As for the briquette burning test, between the two types of briquettes, namely mesh 40 and mesh 80, the combustion efficiency was obtained at mesh 40, ηth = 5.345% with 3 g of ash remaining.
Properties | Quality standards 1) | Research result 2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial | Impor | Jepan | English | USA | Mesh 60 | Mesh 80 | |
Moisture, % | 7.75 | 6–8 | 6–8 | 3–4 | 6 | 8.93 | 8.43 |
Ash, % | 5.51 | 3–6 | 3–6 | 8–10 | 18 | 9.71 | 9.83 |
Volatile matters, % | 13.14 | 15–30 | 15–30 | 16 | 19 | 16.59 | 16.59 |
Fixed carbon, % | 78.35 | 60–80 | 60–80 | 75 | 58 | 64.77 | 65.15 |
Density, g/cm3 | 0.4407 | – | 1–2 | 0,84 | 1 | 0.526 | 0.4778 |
Compressive strength, kg/cm2 | – | – | 60 | 12,7 | 62 | 4.05 | 3,30 |
Heating value, kkal/kg | 6814.11 | 6000–7000 | 6000–70000 | 7300 | 6500 | 5696.29 | 5765.29 |
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